Rujukan Bunga karang

  1. ↑ J. Vacelet and E. Duport (2004). "Prey capture and digestion in the carnivorous sponge Asbestopluma hypogea (Porifera: Demospongiae)". Zoomorphology. 123 (4): 179. doi:10.1007/s00435-004-0100-0.
  2. ↑ A. G. Collins (December 1998). "Evaluating multiple alternative hypotheses for the origin of Bilateria: an analysis of 18S rRNA molecular evidence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (26): 15458–15463. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15458. PMID 9860990.
  3. ↑ Casey W. Dunn, Andreas Hejnol, David Q. Matus, Kevin Pang, William E. Browne, Stephen A. Smith, Elaine Seaver, Greg W. Rouse, Matthias Obst, Gregory D. Edgecombe, Martin V. Sorensen, Steven H. D. Haddock, Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa, Akiko Okusu, Reinhardt Mobjerg Kristensen, Ward C. Wheeler, Mark Q. Martindale & Gonzalo Giribet (April 2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature. 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464.Selenggaraan CS1: pelbagai nama: senarai pengarang (link)
  4. ↑ Andreas Hejnol, Matthias Obst, Alexandros Stamatakis, Michael Ott, Greg W. Rouse, Gregory D. Edgecombe, Pedro Martinez, Jaume Baguna, Xavier Bailly, Ulf Jondelius, Matthias Wiens, Werner E. G. Muller, Elaine Seaver, Ward C. Wheeler, Mark Q. Martindale, Gonzalo Giribet & Casey W. Dunn (December 2009). "Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods". Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society. 276 (1677): 4261–4270. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0896. PMID 19759036.Selenggaraan CS1: pelbagai nama: senarai pengarang (link)
  5. ↑ Joseph F. Ryan, Kevin Pang, Christine E. Schnitzler, Anh-Dao Nguyen, R. Travis Moreland, David K. Simmons, Bernard J. Koch, Warren R. Francis, Paul Havlak, Stephen A. Smith, Nicholas H. Putnam, Steven H. D. Haddock, Casey W. Dunn, Tyra G. Wolfsberg, James C. Mullikin, Mark Q. Martindale & Andreas D. Baxevanis (December 2013). "The genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its implications for cell type evolution". Science (New York, N.Y.). 342 (6164): 1242592. doi:10.1126/science.1242592. PMID 24337300.Selenggaraan CS1: pelbagai nama: senarai pengarang (link)
  6. ↑ Leonid L. Moroz, Kevin M. Kocot, Mathew R. Citarella, Sohn Dosung, Tigran P. Norekian, Inna S. Povolotskaya, Anastasia P. Grigorenko, Christopher Dailey, Eugene Berezikov, Katherine M. Buckley, Andrey Ptitsyn, Denis Reshetov, Krishanu Mukherjee, Tatiana P. Moroz, Yelena Bobkova, Fahong Yu, Vladimir V. Kapitonov, Jerzy Jurka, Yuri V. Bobkov, Joshua J. Swore, David O. Girardo, Alexander Fodor, Fedor Gusev, Rachel Sanford, Rebecca Bruders, Ellen Kittler, Claudia E. Mills, Jonathan P. Rast, Romain Derelle, Victor V. Solovyev, Fyodor A. Kondrashov, Billie J. Swalla, Jonathan V. Sweedler, Evgeny I. Rogaev, Kenneth M. Halanych & Andrea B. Kohn (June 2014). "The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems". Nature. 510 (7503): 109–114. doi:10.1038/nature13400. PMID 24847885.Selenggaraan CS1: pelbagai nama: senarai pengarang (link)
  7. 1 2 Krützen M, Mann J, Heithaus MR, Connor RC, Bejder L, Sherwin WB (June 2005). "Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (25): 8939–43. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.8939K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0500232102. PMC 1157020. PMID 15947077.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hooper, J. N. A., Van Soest, R. W. M., and Debrenne, F. (2002). "Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836". Dalam Hooper, J. N. A., and Van Soest, R. W. M. (penyunting). Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. halaman 9–14. ISBN 978-0-306-47260-2.Selenggaraan CS1: pelbagai nama: senarai pengarang (link)
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Ruppert, E. E., Fox, R. S., and Barnes, R. D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (ed. 7). Brooks / COLE Publishing. halaman 76–97. ISBN 0-03-025982-7.Selenggaraan CS1: pelbagai nama: senarai pengarang (link)
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Bergquist PR (1998). "Porifera". Dalam Anderson DT (penyunting). Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press. halaman 10–27. ISBN 978-0-19-551368-4.
  11. 1 2 3 Hinde, R. T., (1998). "The Cnidaria and Ctenophora". Dalam Anderson, D.T., (penyunting). Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press. halaman 28–57. ISBN 0-19-551368-1.Selenggaraan CS1: tanda baca ekstra (link) Selenggaraan CS1: pelbagai nama: senarai pengarang (link)
  12. ↑
  13. ↑ Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (ed. 7th). Brooks / Cole. m/s. 82. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1.
  14. ↑ Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (ed. 7th). Brooks / Cole. m/s. 82. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1.
  15. ↑ Rivera AS, Ozturk N, Fahey B, Plachetzki DC, Degnan BM, Sancar A, Oakley TH (April 2012). "Blue-light-receptive cryptochrome is expressed in a sponge eye lacking neurons and opsin". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (Pt 8): 1278–86. doi:10.1242/jeb.067140. PMC 3309880. PMID 22442365.
  16. ↑ Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (ed. 7th). Brooks / Cole. m/s. 83. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1. Fig. 5-7
  17. ↑ Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (ed. 7th). Brooks / Cole. m/s. 83. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1. Fig. 5-7
  18. 1 2 Leys SP (February 2003). "The significance of syncytial tissues for the position of the hexactinellida in the metazoa". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 43 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1093/icb/43.1.19. PMID 21680406.
  19. ↑ Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (ed. 7th). Brooks / Cole. m/s. 78. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1.
  20. ↑ Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (ed. 7th). Brooks / Cole. m/s. 78. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1.
  21. ↑ Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004, m/s. 83. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004 (help)
  22. ↑ Hickman CP, Roberts LS, Larson A (2001). Integrated Principles of Zoology (ed. 11th). New York: McGraw-Hill. m/s. 247. ISBN 978-0-07-290961-6.
  23. ↑ Halisarca dujardini - Marine Species Identification Portal
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Bergquist PR (2001). "Porifera (Sponges)". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1038/npg.els.0001582. ISBN 978-0470016176.
  25. 1 2 3 Krautter M (1998). "Ecology of siliceous sponges: Application to the environmental interpretation of the Upper Jurassic sponge facies (Oxfordian) from Spain" (PDF). Cuadernos de Geología Ibérica. 24: 223–239. Diarkib daripada yang asal (PDF) pada March 19, 2009. Dicapai pada 2008-10-10.
  26. ↑ Yahel G, Whitney F, Reiswig HM, Eerkes-Medrano DI, Leys SP (2007). "In situ feeding and metabolism of glass sponges (Hexactinellida, Porifera) studied in a deep temperate fjord with a remotely operated submersible". Limnology and Oceanography. 52 (1): 428–440. Bibcode:2007LimOc..52..428Y. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.597.9627. doi:10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0428.
  27. ↑ Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Boury-Esnault, Nicole; Vacelet, Jean; Dohrmann, Martin; Erpenbeck, Dirk; De Voogd, Nicole J.; Santodomingo, Nadiezhda; Vanhoorne, Bart; Kelly, Michelle; Hooper, John N. A. (2012). "Global Diversity of Sponges (Porifera)". PLOS One. 7 (4): e35105. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...735105V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035105. PMC 3338747. PMID 22558119.
  28. ↑ "4 new species of 'killer' sponges discovered off Pacific coast". CBC News. April 19, 2014. Diarkib daripada yang asal pada April 19, 2014. Dicapai pada 2014-09-04.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Vacelet J (2008). "A new genus of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Poecilosclerida, Cladorhizidae) from the deep N-E Pacific, and remarks on the genus Neocladia" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1752: 57–65. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1752.1.3. Dicapai pada 2008-10-31.
  30. ↑ Watling L (2007). "Predation on copepods by an Alaskan cladorhizid sponge". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 87 (6): 1721–1726. doi:10.1017/S0025315407058560.
  31. 1 2 3 Vacelet J, Boury-Esnault N (1995). "Carnivorous sponges". Nature. 373 (6512): 333–335. Bibcode:1995Natur.373..333V. doi:10.1038/373333a0.
  32. ↑ Vacelet J, Kelly M (2008). "New species from the deep Pacific suggest that carnivorous sponges date back to the Early Jurassic". Nature Precedings. doi:10.1038/npre.2008.2327.1.
  33. ↑ Brümmer F, Pfannkuchen M, Baltz A, Hauser T, Thiel V (2008). "Light inside sponges". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 367 (2): 61–64. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2008.06.036. Rumusan ringkasan – BBC News.
  34. ↑ Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004, m/s. 239. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004 (help)
  35. ↑ Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004, m/s. 90–94. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004 (help)
  36. ↑ Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004, m/s. 87–88. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004 (help)
  37. 1 2 3 Smith DG, Pennak RW (2001). Pennak's Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States: Porifera to Crustacea (ed. 4). John Wiley and Sons. halaman 47–50. ISBN 978-0-471-35837-4.
  38. ↑ Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004, m/s. 89–90. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004 (help)
  39. 1 2 Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004, m/s. 77. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004 (help)
  40. ↑ Leys SP, Cheung E, Boury-Esnault N (April 2006). "Embryogenesis in the glass sponge Oopsacas minuta: Formation of syncytia by fusion of blastomeres". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 46 (2): 104–17. doi:10.1093/icb/icj016. PMID 21672727.
  41. ↑ Nickel M (December 2004). "Kinetics and rhythm of body contractions in the sponge Tethya wilhelma (Porifera: Demospongiae)". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (Pt 26): 4515–24. doi:10.1242/jeb.01289. PMID 15579547.
  42. ↑ Sakarya O, Armstrong KA, Adamska M, Adamski M, Wang IF, Tidor B, dll. (June 2007). "A post-synaptic scaffold at the origin of the animal kingdom". PLOS One. 2 (6): e506. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..506S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000506. PMC 1876816. PMID 17551586.
  43. ↑ Weaver JC, Aizenberg J, Fantner GE, Kisailus D, Woesz A, Allen P, dll. (April 2007). "Hierarchical assembly of the siliceous skeletal lattice of the hexactinellid sponge Euplectella aspergillum". Journal of Structural Biology. 158 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2006.10.027. PMID 17175169.
  44. ↑ Ruzicka R, Gleason DF (January 2008). "Latitudinal variation in spongivorous fishes and the effectiveness of sponge chemical defenses" (PDF). Oecologia. 154 (4): 785–94. Bibcode:2008Oecol.154..785R. doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0874-0. PMID 17960425. Diarkib daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2008-10-06.
  45. ↑
  46. ↑ Dunlap M, Pawlik JR (1996). "Video-monitored predation by Caribbean reef fishes on an array of mangrove and reef sponges". Marine Biology. 126 (1): 117–123. doi:10.1007/bf00571383. ISSN 0025-3162.
  47. ↑ Loh TL, Pawlik JR (March 2014). "Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (11): 4151–6. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4151L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1321626111. PMC 3964098. PMID 24567392.
  48. ↑ Piper 2007, m/s. 148. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPiper2007 (help)
  49. 1 2 Gochfeld DJ, Easson CG, Slattery M, Thacker RW, Olson JB (2012). Steller D, Lobel L (para penyunting). "Population Dynamics of a Sponge Disease on Caribbean Reefs". Diving for Science 2012. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 31st Symposium. Diarkib daripada yang asal pada 2015-09-04. Dicapai pada 2013-11-17.
  50. ↑ Olson JB, Gochfeld DJ, Slattery M (July 2006). "Aplysina red band syndrome: a new threat to Caribbean sponges" (PDF). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 71 (2): 163–8. doi:10.3354/dao071163. PMID 16956064. Diarkib daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2016-03-13. Dicapai pada 2020-01-27. Rumusan ringkasan – Practical Fishkeeping.
  51. ↑ Wulff JL (June 2008). "Collaboration among sponge species increases sponge diversity and abundance in a seagrass meadow". Marine Ecology. 29 (2): 193–204. Bibcode:2008MarEc..29..193W. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2008.00224.x.
  52. ↑ Duffy JE (1996). "Species boundaries, specialization, and the radiation of sponge-dwelling alpheid shrimp" (PDF). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 58 (3): 307–324. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01437.x. Diarkib daripada yang asal (PDF) pada August 3, 2010.
  53. ↑ Murphy 2002, m/s. 51. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMurphy2002 (help)
  54. 1 2 3 4 Rix, L., de Goeij, J.M., van Oevelen, D., Struck, U., Al-Horani, F.A., Wild, C. and Naumann, M.S. (2018) "Reef sponges facilitate the transfer of coral-derived organic matter to their associated fauna via the sponge loop". Marine Ecology Progress Series, 589: 85–96. doi:10.3354/meps12443. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  55. ↑ Rix L, de Goeij JM, van Oevelen D, Struck U, Al-Horani FA, Wild C and Naumann MS (2017) "Differential recycling of coral and algal dissolved organic matter via the sponge loop". Funct Ecol, 31: 778−789.
  56. ↑ de Goeij JM, van Oevelen D, Vermeij MJA, Osinga R, Middelburg JJ, de Goeij AFPM and Admiraal W (2013) "Surviving in a marine desert: the sponge loop retains resources within coral reefs". Science, 342: 108−110.
  57. ↑ Rix L, de Goeij JM, Mueller CE, Struck U and others (2016) "Coral mucus fuels the sponge loop in warm- and coldwater coral reef ecosystems". Sci Rep, 6: 18715.
  58. ↑ Rix L, de Goeij JM, van Oevelen D, Struck U, Al-Horani FA, Wild C, Naumann MS (2017) "Differential recycling of coral and algal dissolved organic matter via the sponge loop". Funct Ecol 31: 778−789.
  59. ↑ Crossland CJ (1987) In situ release of mucus and DOC-lipid from the corals Acropora variabilis and Stylophora pistillata in different light regimes. Coral Reefs 6: 35−42
  60. 1 2 Wild C, Huettel M, Klueter A, Kremb S, Rasheed M, Jorgensen B (2004) Coral mucus functions as an energy carrier and particle trap in the reef ecosystem. Nature 428: 66−70
  61. ↑ Tanaka Y, Miyajima T, Umezawa Y, Hayashibara T, Ogawa H, Koike I (2009) Net release of dissolved organic matter by the scleractinian coral Acropora pulchra. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 377: 101−106
  62. ↑ Naumann M, Haas A, Struck U, Mayr C, El-Zibdah M, Wild C (2010) Organic matter release by dominant hermatypic corals of the Northern Red Sea. Coral Reefs 29: 649−659
  63. 1 2 Hoegh-Guldberg O, McCloskey LR, Muscatine L (1987) Expulsion of zooxanthellae by symbiotic cnidarians from the Red Sea. Coral Reefs 5: 201−204
  64. ↑ Baghdasarian G, Muscatine L (2000) "Preferential expulsion of dividing algal cells as a mechanism for regulating algal-cnidarian symbiosis". Biol Bull, 199: 278−286
  65. ↑ Crossland CJ, Barnes DJ, Borowitzka MA (1980) "Diurnal lipid and mucus production in the staghorn coral Acropora acuminata". Mar Biol, 60: 81−90.
  66. ↑ Tremblay P, Grover R, Maguer JF, Legendre L, Ferrier-Pagès C (2012) "Autotrophic carbon budget in coral tissue:a new 13C-based model of photosynthate translocation." J Exp Biol, 215: 1384−1393. doi:10.1242/jeb.065201.
  67. ↑ Ferrier-Pagès C, Leclercq N, Jaubert J, Pelegri SP (2000) "Enhancement of pico- and nanoplankton growth by coral exudates". Aquat Microb Ecol, 21: 203−209. doi:10.3354/ame021203.
  68. ↑ Wild C, Niggl W, Naumann MS, Haas AF (2010) "Organic matter release by Red Sea coral reef organisms—potential effects on microbial activity and in situ O2 availability". Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 411: 61−71. doi:10.3354/meps08653.
  69. ↑ Tanaka Y, Ogawa H, Miyajima T (2011) "Production and bacterial decomposition of dissolved organic matter in a fringing coral reef". J Oceanogr, 67: 427−437. doi:10.1007/s10872-011-0046-z.
  70. ↑ Pita, L., Rix, L., Slaby, B.M., Franke, A. and Hentschel, U. (2018) "The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: from microbes to ecosystems". Microbiome, 6(1): 46. doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0428-1. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  71. ↑ Egan S, Thomas T (2015). "Editorial for: Microbial symbiosis of marine sessile hosts- diversity and function". Frontiers in Microbiology (dalam bahasa English). 6: 585. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00585. PMC 4468920. PMID 26136729.Selenggaraan CS1: bahasa tidak dikenali (link)
  72. 1 2 Webster NS, Thomas T (April 2016). "The Sponge Hologenome". mBio. 7 (2): e00135-16. doi:10.1128/mBio.00135-16. PMC 4850255. PMID 27103626.
  73. ↑ "Spongia Linnaeus, 1759". World Register of Marine Species. Dicapai pada 2012-07-18.
  74. 1 2 3 Rowland SM, Stephens T (2001). "Archaeocyatha: A history of phylogenetic interpretation". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (6): 1065–1078. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1065:AAHOPI>2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1307076. Diarkib daripada yang asal pada December 6, 2008.
  75. ↑ Sperling EA, Pisani D, Peterson KJ (January 1, 2007). "Poriferan paraphyly and its implications for Precambrian palaeobiology" (PDF). Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286 (1): 355–368. Bibcode:2007GSLSP.286..355S. doi:10.1144/SP286.25. Diarkib daripada yang asal (PDF) pada May 9, 2009. Dicapai pada 2012-08-22.
  76. ↑ Whelan NV, Kocot KM, Moroz LL, Halanych KM (May 2015). "Error, signal, and the placement of Ctenophora sister to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (18): 5773–8. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.5773W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1503453112. PMC 4426464. PMID 25902535.
  77. ↑ Hartman WD, Goreau TF (1970). "Jamaican coralline sponges: Their morphology, ecology and fossil relatives". Symposium of the Zoological Society of London. 25: 205–243. (cited by MGG.rsmas.miami.edu).
  78. ↑ Vacelet J (1985). "Coralline sponges and the evolution of the Porifera". Dalam Conway Morris S, George JD, Gibson R, Platt HM (para penyunting). The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates. Oxford University Press. halaman 1–13. ISBN 978-0-19-857181-0.
  79. ↑ Bergquist 1978, m/s. 153–154. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBergquist1978 (help)
  80. ↑ Gazave E, Lapébie P, Renard E, Vacelet J, Rocher C, Ereskovsky AV, Lavrov DV, Borchiellini C (December 2010). "Molecular phylogeny restores the supra-generic subdivision of homoscleromorph sponges (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha)". PLOS One. 5 (12): e14290. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...514290G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014290. PMC 3001884. PMID 21179486.
  81. ↑ Gazave E, Lapébie P, Ereskovsky AV, Vacelet J, Renard E, Cárdenas P, Borchiellini C (May 2012). "No longer Demospongiae: Homoscleromorpha formal nomination as a fourth class of Porifera" (PDF). Hydrobiologia. 687: 3–10. doi:10.1007/s10750-011-0842-x.
  82. ↑ Cavalcanti FF, Klautau M (2011). "Solenoid: a new aquiferous system to Porifera". Zoomorphology. 130 (4): 255–260. doi:10.1007/s00435-011-0139-7.
  83. ↑ Sperling EA, Robinson JM, Pisani D, Peterson KJ (January 2010). "Where's the glass? Biomarkers, molecular clocks, and microRNAs suggest a 200-Myr missing Precambrian fossil record of siliceous sponge spicules". Geobiology. 8 (1): 24–36. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00225.x. PMID 19929965.
  84. ↑ Reitner J, Wörheide G (2002). "Non-Lithistid Fossil Demospongiae – Origins of their Palaeobiodiversity and Highlights in History of Preservation". Dalam Hooper JN, Van Soest RW (para penyunting). Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (PDF). New York: Kluwer Academic Plenum. Dicapai pada November 4, 2008.
  85. 1 2 3 Müller WE, Li J, Schröder HC, Qiao L, Wang X (2007). "The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic: a review". Biogeosciences. 4 (2): 219–232. Bibcode:2007BGeo....4..219M. doi:10.5194/bg-4-219-2007.
  86. ↑ McMenamin MA (2008). "Early Cambrian sponge spicules from the Cerro Clemente and Cerro Rajón, Sonora, México". Geologica Acta. 6 (4): 363–367.
  87. 1 2 Li CW, Chen JY, Hua TE (February 1998). "Precambrian sponges with cellular structures". Science. 279 (5352): 879–82. Bibcode:1998Sci...279..879L. doi:10.1126/science.279.5352.879. PMID 9452391.
  88. ↑ "Demospongia". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Diarkib daripada yang asal pada October 18, 2013. Dicapai pada 2008-11-27.
  89. ↑ Vinn O, Wilson MA, Toom U, Mõtus MA (2015). "Earliest known rugosan-stromatoporoid symbiosis from the Llandovery of Estonia (Baltica)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 31: 1–5. Bibcode:2015PPP...431....1V. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.023. Dicapai pada 2015-06-18.
  90. ↑ Kodner RB, Summons RE, Pearson A, King N, Knoll AH (July 2008). "Sterols in a unicellular relative of the metazoans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (29): 9897–902. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.9897K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803975105. PMC 2481317. PMID 18632573.
  91. ↑ Nichols S, Wörheide G (April 2005). "Sponges: new views of old animals". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 45 (2): 333–4. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.598.4999. doi:10.1093/icb/45.2.333. PMID 21676777.
  92. ↑ Love GD, Grosjean E, Stalvies C, Fike DA, Grotzinger JP, Bradley AS, Kelly AE, Bhatia M, Meredith W, Snape CE, Bowring SA, Condon DJ, Summons RE (February 2009). "Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period" (PDF). Nature. 457 (7230): 718–21. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..718L. doi:10.1038/nature07673. PMID 19194449. Diarkib daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2018-07-24. Dicapai pada 2019-08-01.
  93. ↑ Antcliffe JB (2013). Stouge S (penyunting). "Questioning the evidence of organic compounds called sponge biomarkers". Palaeontology. 56: 917–925. doi:10.1111/pala.12030.
  94. ↑ Gold DA (Jun 29, 2018). "The slow rise of complex life as revealed through biomarker genetics". Emerging Topics in Life Sciences. 2 (2): 191–199. doi:10.1042/ETLS20170150. PMID 32412622.
  95. ↑ Gold DA, Grabenstatter J, de Mendoza A, Riesgo A, Ruiz-Trillo I, Summons RE (March 2016). "Sterol and genomic analyses validate the sponge biomarker hypothesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (10): 2684–9. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.2684G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1512614113. PMC 4790988. PMID 26903629.
  96. 1 2 3 Porter SM (2008). "Skeletal microstructure indicates Chancelloriids and Halkieriids are closely related". Palaeontology. 51 (4): 865–879. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00792.x.
  97. ↑ Butterfield NJ, Nicholas CJ (1996). "Burgess Shale-type preservation of both non-mineralizing and "shelly" Cambrian organisms from the Mackenzie Mountains, northwestern Canada". Journal of Paleontology. 70 (6): 893–899. doi:10.1017/S0022336000038579. JSTOR 1306492.
  98. ↑ Janussen D, Steiner M, Zhu MY (2002). "New Well-preserved Scleritomes of Chancelloridae from the Early Cambrian Yuanshan Formation (Chengjiang, China) and the Middle Cambrian Wheeler Shale (Utah, USA) and paleobiological implications". Journal of Paleontology. 76 (4): 596–606. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0596:NWPSOC>2.0.CO;2. Teks penuh bebas tanpa imej: Janussen D (2002). "(as above)". Journal of Paleontology. Diarkib daripada yang asal pada December 10, 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-08-04.
  99. 1 2 3 Borchiellini C, Manuel M, Alivon E, Boury-Esnault N, Vacelet J, Le Parco Y (January 2001). "Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 171–179. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x. PMID 29280585.
  100. 1 2 Sperling EA, Pisani D, Peterson KJ (2007). "Poriferan paraphyly and its implications for Precambrian paleobiology" (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society of London. 286: 355–368. Bibcode:2007GSLSP.286..355S. doi:10.1144/SP286.25. Diarkib daripada yang asal (PDF) pada May 9, 2009. Dicapai pada 2008-11-04.
  101. ↑ Medina M, Collins AG, Silberman JD, Sogin ML (August 2001). "Evaluating hypotheses of basal animal phylogeny using complete sequences of large and small subunit rRNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (17): 9707–12. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.9707M. doi:10.1073/pnas.171316998. PMC 55517. PMID 11504944.
  102. ↑ Exposito JY, Cluzel C, Garrone R, Lethias C (November 2002). "Evolution of collagens". The Anatomical Record. 268 (3): 302–16. doi:10.1002/ar.10162. PMID 12382326.
  103. ↑
  104. ↑ Schierwater B, Eitel M, Jakob W, Osigus HJ, Hadrys H, Dellaporta SL, dll. (January 2009). "Concatenated analysis sheds light on early metazoan evolution and fuels a modern "urmetazoon" hypothesis". PLOS Biology. 7 (1): e20. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000020. PMC 2631068. PMID 19175291.
  105. ↑
  106. ↑ Smolker RA, Richards AF, Connor RC, Mann J, Berggren P (1997). "Sponge-carrying by Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins: Possible tool-use by a delphinid". Ethology. 103 (6): 454–465. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1997.tb00160.x. hdl:2027.42/71936.
  107. ↑ Bergquist 1978, m/s. 88. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBergquist1978 (help)
  108. ↑ McClenachan L (2008). "Social conflict, Over-fishing and Disease in the Florida Sponge Fishery, 1849–1939". Dalam Starkey DJ, Holm P, Barnard M (para penyunting). Oceans Past: Management Insights from the History of Marine Animal Populations. Earthscan. halaman 25–27. ISBN 978-1-84407-527-0.
  109. ↑ Jacobson N (2000). Cleavage. Rutgers University Press. m/s. 62. ISBN 978-0-8135-2715-4.
  110. ↑ "Sponges". Cervical Barrier Advancement Society. 2004. Diarkib daripada yang asal pada January 14, 2009. Dicapai pada 2006-09-17.
  111. ↑ Porterfield WM (1955). "Loofah — The sponge gourd". Economic Botany. 9 (3): 211–223. doi:10.1007/BF02859814.
  112. ↑ Imhoff JF, Stöhr R (2003). "Sponge-Associated Bacteria". Dalam Müller WE (penyunting). Sponges (Porifera): Porifera. Springer. halaman 43–44. ISBN 978-3-540-00968-9.
  113. ↑ Teeyapant R, Woerdenbag HJ, Kreis P, Hacker J, Wray V, Witte L, Proksch P (1993). "Antibiotic and cytotoxic activity of brominated compounds from the marine sponge Verongia aerophoba". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 48 (11–12): 939–45. doi:10.1515/znc-1993-11-1218. PMID 8297426.
  114. ↑ Takeuchi S, Ishibashi M, Kobayashi J, Plakoridine A (1994). "Plakoridine A, a new tyramine-containing pyrrolidine alkaloid from the Okinawan marine sponge Plakortis sp". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 59 (13): 3712–3713. doi:10.1021/jo00092a039.
  115. ↑ Etchells LL, Sardarian A, Whitehead RC (18 April 2005). "A synthetic approach to the plakoridines modeled on a biogenetic theory". Tetrahedron Letters. 46 (16): 2803–2807. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.02.124.

Berkaitan

Rujukan

WikiPedia: Bunga karang http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/Collections/Biodiversity+... http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/Find+out+about/Animals+of... http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/Research/Biodiversity/Are... http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/4-n... http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/... http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_20... http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_20... http://books.google.com/?id=OQoxzqjQXWEC&pg=PA220 http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01752p065f.... http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/pub/geo/geobiologie/2005...